Cancer surgery is a fundamental component of cancer treatment, aimed at removing tumors and preventing their spread. Over the years, significant advancements have been made in surgical techniques, technologies, and multidisciplinary approaches, leading to improved outcomes for cancer patients. This article provides an overview of the role of surgery in cancer treatment and explores the latest advancements in the field. Cancer surgery involves the removal of tumors, adjacent tissues, and lymph nodes. It can be curative, palliative, or used in combination with other treatment modalities such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Traditional surgical procedures have been refined and optimized, leading to reduced invasiveness, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery times. Minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgeries, offer the benefits of smaller incisions, less blood loss, reduced pain, and quicker return to normal activities.